Block 30 · pages 285-357

References, Appendices (Texts, Verb Lists, Wordlists, Morpheme Index), and Summaries

5. References

Extensive bibliography covering Songhay linguistics, Tamasheq studies, and language contact in the Sahel. Key authors: Heath (1998, 1999, 2005, 2006), Nicolai (1979-1990), Lacroix (1968), Christiansen (2007), Kossmann (2004-2009), Prasse (2003), Sudlow (2001).

6. Appendix I: Texts

Text 1: A Folk Tale (Told by Aʃafaʕa, Talatayt dialect). Features Jackal (intáynawt / abíji) tricking Warthog (a-ẓúbara) and eating his children, then tricking Elephant and other animals, causing their death. Illustrates narrative structure, MAN marking, and discourse particles.

Text 2: Part of a Radio emission (Hadmahamed ag Mohamed, 2001). Discussion on decentralization (desəntralisasioŋ) in Mali, using parables about herd management to explain civic responsibility. Shows formal register and loanwords.

7. Appendix II: Verbs with their causative and passive forms

Lists of Songhay roots and their suppletive Tamasheq-derived causative and passive forms. Organized by argument structure: One-argument verbs (e.g., héw 'cry' > s-əlhá), Two-argument verbs (e.g., záw 'bring' > ʃí-ʃʃ-iwi > t-ə́wi), Labile verbs (e.g., bér 'big' > ʃ-ámɣar). Includes verbs of Songhay origin taking derivational prefixes directly (e.g., yeerí 'vomit' > s-eerí).

8. Appendix III: Wordlist: English – Tadaksahak

Swadesh 200-item list adapted to Tadaksahak. Provides basic vocabulary with grammatical categories. Excludes culturally absent items ('flower', 'snow'). Includes idiomatic expressions (e.g., keeni n guná 'dream').

9. Appendix IV: Wordlist: Songhay cognates in Tadaksahak

Approximately 290 items of Songhay origin with comparative data from Koyra Chiini (Timbuktu), Koyraboro Senni (Gao), and other Northern Songhay varieties. Illustrates phonological and semantic shifts. E.g., báara 'exist' < KCH bara; hambará 'fear' < KCH hambur.

10. Morpheme Index

Alphabetical list of all grammatical morphemes, derivational affixes, and particles with glosses and section references. Includes subject clitics (a₌, ay(a)₌), MAN markers (b-, m-, ta-, sa-, na-), derivational prefixes (S(a)-, m(a)-, t(a)-), plural markers (-en, -tan, i-...-an), postpositions (se, ka, n), and discourse particles (da, za, je).

11. Summary (English) / 12. Samenvatting (Dutch)

Overview of the grammar's main findings: Tadaksahak as a Northern Songhay language heavily influenced by Tamasheq (Berber). Phonology features pharyngealized consonants and contrastive vowel length. Morphology shows suppletion in verb derivation (Songhay roots replaced by Tamasheq bound roots for causative/passive) and complex noun plural formation (apophony, prefixation). Syntax is SVO with obligatory subject clitics, rich demonstrative system, and two types of relative clauses. The language reflects intense contact and borrowing at all levels.

13. Curriculum Vitae

Regula Christiansen-Bolli, born 1957 in Aarberg, Switzerland. Conducted fieldwork in Menaka, Mali from 1992-2002 under SIL International. This grammar is her PhD dissertation at Leiden University (2010), part of the NWO project "Tuareg and the Central Sahelian Languages".

Keywords : references appendices texts verb lists wordlist morpheme index summary Songhay cognates Swadesh list