Block 20 · pages 185-194
Chapter 4: Argument Structure – Transitive Only Verbs, Verbal Noun Complements, Obligatory Adpositional Complements, and Dative Complements
4.3.3 Transitive only (underived)
This group includes verbs of production ('make') and physical impact ('hit'), but not 'repair' or 'break'. Examples: diní 'take', kár 'hit', gôn 'swallow', deeraw 'have in common', fəlás 'believe'. A number of movement and location verbs take a direct object to express location without the postposition ka (e.g., a-húuru hugu 'he entered the house'; a-keedí farká 'he mounted the donkey'). This feature copies Tamasheq syntax.
4.3.3.1 Verbs taking a verbal noun complement
Many verbs take a verbal noun as their complement. These include verbs of duration, cognition, manipulation, and ability. The verbal noun may take a possessor referring to the object of the action. Examples: s-əntá 'begin' (a-ss-əntá áa-ka nín 'he began to drink from it'); yílməd 'learn' (a-yyílməd didá 'he learned to walk'); dəbət 'be able to' (a-ddəbət ay-n gôn 'he is able to swallow it'); báy 'know' (a-bbáy t-oo-ruf-t ən z-əzəl 'she knows how to drive a car'). Two intensifying verbs, s-ínnihil and hínjin, take verbal noun complements meaning 'do/be very much' (e.g., a-ss-ínnihil áa-se a-búbbugu 'I burned it off very well').
4.3.4 Verbs with obligatory adpositional complement
A small number of verbs obligatorily take a locative adpositional complement (e.g., a-b-ʃúgu ay-n a-kátab ka 'he looks down on his writing'). Some verbs take a different meaning with an adpositional complement (e.g., káy 'stop' vs. káy X ka 'trample').
4.3.5 Verbs with dative complement (se)
Some verbs have an obligatory dative complement without an unmarked complement (e.g., yilkám X se 'follow sb.'; mó X se 'hear sth.'). Verbs that contain a causative morpheme mark pronominalized human causees as a dative complement (e.g., a-ʃʃí-hiʃʃil áa-se hawru n bén 'she made him finish the meal').
Keywords : transitive verbs verbal noun complement adpositional complement dative complement causative intensifier
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… ..........................................................183 4.3.3 Transitive only (underived) ....................................185 4.3.3.1 Verbs taking a verbal noun complement.........187 4.3.4 Verbs with obligatory adpositional complement.....193 4.3.5 Verbs with dative complement ..............................193 4.3.6 Verbs with instrumental-comitative complement....194 4.3.7 Verbs with two complements.................................195 4.3.8 Verbs taking two unmar …
Christiansen-Bolli (2010), A Grammar of Tadaksahak, a Northern Songhay Language of Mali, p. 9
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… features of Songhay and Berber languages. The observations discussed in this paper deal with the way voice changes are handled. In particular, it shows how the causative is formed. The causative morpheme S(V)- is of Berber origin and prefixed to the verb root as in Berber languages, whereas Songhay suffixes the causative morpheme that is of a very different form (-andi). But only verb roots that are also etymologically from Berber can take the morpheme in Tadaksahak. All root …
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… ubordination ........................................278 sa ‘when…’.....................................................278 4.8.4.1 4.8.4.2 Temporal use of dá ‘intensifier’......................279 4.8.4.3 Temporal clauses based on temporal nouns ..280 t-izzár-t ‘before’..............................................280 4.8.4.4 har ‘until’........................................................281 4.8.4.5 4.8.4.6 zamá ‘after’.................................................... …
Christiansen-Bolli (2010), A Grammar of Tadaksahak, a Northern Songhay Language of Mali, p. 11
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… tents Abstract 1. Introduction 1.1. Classification 1.2. Phonemes 2. Verbal system in the three concerned languages 2.1. Songhay (Gao) 2.1.1. Conjugation 2.1.2. Causative and other voice changing devices 2.2. Tamasheq 2.2.1. Conjugation 2.2.2. Causative and other voice changing devices 2.3. Tadaksahak 2.3.1. Conjugation 2.3.2. Causative and other voice changing devices 2.3.3. Verb roots beginning with a consonant other than “y-” 2.3.4. Verb roots beginning with “y-” 2.3.5. Ver …