Block 18 · pages 169-176
Chapter 4: NP Coordination and Uses of MAN Morphemes – Perfective, Imperfective, Subjunctive, Future
4.1.9 NP coordination
4.1.9.1 Conjoining anda 'with, and'
anda conjoins NPs (e.g., surgoy-en anda arw-en 'women and men'). In enumerations, a verb may break the series, with plural pronominal reference anticipating the remaining items.
4.1.9.2 Disjunctive mey, maday and wala 'or'
The most common disjunctive is mey (from Tamasheq), unstressed (e.g., ni-f-kuná kati-bi-tan fammuf mey maará 'you earn five or ten coins'). maday is also used. wala (from Arabic) is less frequent as a disjunctive, more commonly meaning 'without' or 'not even'.
4.2 Uses of MAN morphemes
MAN markers are mutually exclusive and prefixed to the verb stem. Negation has only two forms: negative perfective (na-) and negative imperfective (sa-), the latter also used for negating subjunctive and future.
4.2.1 Aspect: Perfective vs. Imperfective
Imperfective (b-/f-/ba-) expresses habitual events, general truths, and simultaneity (present or past). Perfective (unmarked) expresses foregrounded sequential events in narratives and closed events in speech. Color verbs and qualities of fur require imperfective.
4.2.2 Mood: Indicative vs. Subjunctive m-
Subjunctive mood (m-) expresses intention, desire, planned (unrealized) events. It occurs in purpose clauses, instructions, reported orders, and blessings/wishes.
4.2.3 Future ta-
Future (ta-) is used for events following the reference time (moment of speaking or displaced past 'would'). In narratives, habitual past behavior can be marked with future. It is also frequent in subordinate clauses after the complementizer sa and in apodoses of conditionals.
Keywords : coordination disjunction MAN morphemes perfective imperfective subjunctive future
This grammar point in the works
Passages from the site’s works on this topic, with the page cited: the original text is authoritative.
-
… 4.1.7 NPs with adjectives...............................................166 4.1.8 Postpositional phrases ..........................................168 4.1.9 NP coordination ....................................................169 4.1.9.1 Conjoining ənda ‘with, and’.............................169 4.1.9.2 Disjunctive meɣ, mádaɣ and wala ‘or’.............170 4.2 Uses of MAN morphemes.................................................171 4.2.1 Aspect: Perfective vs. Imperfective .. …
Christiansen-Bolli (2010), A Grammar of Tadaksahak, a Northern Songhay Language of Mali, p. 8
-
… -qaarán aɣa₌qqaarán I did not study. I studied. 1s₌NEG.PERF-study 1s₌study The second person singular undergoes resyllabification when preceding the CV- shaped MAN morphemes sǝ- and tǝ- (Phonology 2.4.2.2). (48) ǝn₌tǝ-qaarán ni₌m-qaarán you will study. you may / should study. ǝn₌sǝ-qaarán ni₌f-qaarán you do / will not study. you study / you are studying. ni₌nǝ-qaarán ni₌qqaarán you did not study . you studied. 2s₌NEG.IMPERF-study 2s₌FUT-study 2s₌NEG.PERF-study 2s₌SUBJ-study 2 …
Christiansen-Bolli (2010), A Grammar of Tadaksahak, a Northern Songhay Language of Mali, p. 94
-
… sa-strategy; COM comitative (‘with, and, toward’); DET determiner; DISC discourse marker ‘current centre of attention’; EXCL exclamation; FOC focus marker; FUT future tense; GEN genitive; IMP imperative; IMPF imperfective aspect; INDEF indefinite; LOC spatiotemporal locative; N noun; NEG negative; PASS passive; PERF perfective aspect; PL plural; QST polar question marker; REL relative pronoun; SUBJ subjunctive mood; T thematic pronoun; VEN venitive; 1P, 2P, 3P person plural; …
Christiansen & Levinsohn (2003), Relative Clauses in Tadaksahak, p. 3
-
… . Dévoisement de /ɣ/ à la rupture du morphème Morphèmes Sens en Fr Aɣ₌sǝ-wí Je ne tuerai pas 1Ps₌NEG.IMPERF-tuer Aɣ₌tǝ-wí Je vais tuer 1Ps₌FUT-tuer La négation perfective nǝ-, devant laquelle ɣ est retenu. Aɣ₌nǝ-wí Je n'ai pas tué 1s₌NEG.PERF-tuer Un cas particulier est fourni par le morphème imperfectif IMPERF b-, qui devient une fricative aphone /f/ lorsqu'il est suivi d'une consonne aphone. Harmonie sibilante Nous n'avons pas trouvé de mots mono-morphémiques contenant deux …