Block 3 · pages 15-19
Chapter 2: Consonants (continued) – Fricatives, Nasals, Liquids, Glides, and Consonant Clusters
2.2.3.3 Fricatives
All fricatives except /h/ and /ħ/ occur in all positions. /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ are not found word-finally. /z/ occurs word-initially only in loans (e.g., zàmá 'after' < Arabic).
2.2.3.4 Nasals
/m/ occurs in all positions. /n/ assimilates to the place of articulation of a following consonant (see 2.4.1.1). /ɲ/ occurs only in a few lexical items; syllable-finally it is pronounced [ŋg]. /ŋ/ is rare word-initially.
2.2.3.5 Liquids
/l/ is found in all positions. The pharyngealized /ḷ/ is not found syllable-finally except as part of a geminate.
2.2.3.6 Taps
/r/ is rarely found word-initially; speakers often add a prosthetic vowel. Pharyngealized /ṛ/ occurs. Long /rr/ is pronounced as a trill.
2.2.3.7 Glides y and w
Both occur in all environments and can be geminated (e.g., ayyar 'moon', awwa 'yes').
2.2.4 Consonant clusters
2.2.4.1 Word initial clusters
Word-initial clusters like 'nasal + C' found in Mainstream Songhay are not allowed in Tadaksahak. An epenthetic vowel is added (e.g., Songhay /nda/ > Tadaksahak anda 'and/with'). Loans are resyllabified (e.g., French 'projet' > faroze).
2.2.4.2 Clusters with different consonants
Word-internal clusters are frequent. Nearly all combinations are attested, except a few like /b/ before voiceless stops.
2.2.4.3 Long consonants
All consonants except /y/, /h/, /ħ/, and /ʕ/ can be geminated. Length is phonemic (e.g., imédan 'pastures' vs. iméddan 'tears').
2.2.4.4 Word-final clusters
The only clusters allowed word-finally contain /t/ as their last element, which is the second part of the discontinuous morpheme t(a)-...-t (feminine/diminutive/nominalizer).
Keywords : phonology fricatives nasals liquids glides consonant clusters geminates word-final
This grammar point in the works
Passages from the site’s works on this topic, with the page cited: the original text is authoritative.
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… 3.1 Labials b and f ..................................................14 2.2.3.2 Plosives............................................................14 2.2.3.3 Fricatives..........................................................15 2.2.3.4 Nasals ..............................................................15 2.2.3.5 Liquids..............................................................16 2.2.3.6 Taps .................................................................16 2.2.3.7 …
Christiansen-Bolli (2010), A Grammar of Tadaksahak, a Northern Songhay Language of Mali, p. 4
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10 Laryngeal Pharyngeal Velar Palatal Alveolar Pharyngeal -ized Consonants Labial (2) -v +v -v +v -v +v -v +v -v +v -v +v b Stops Fricatives f t s d z ṭ ṣ ḍ c ẓ ʃ j ʒ w Glides l ḷ Taps r ṛ n ṇ m g ɣ q ħ ʕ h y Laterals Nasals k x ŋ 2.2.2 Evidence for Consonantal Contrasts Here are some examples of the different contrasting environments for the consonants as word initial, syllable initial, intervocalic, and syllable final where this position is possible. Contrast between same p …
Christiansen-Bolli (2010), A Grammar of Tadaksahak, a Northern Songhay Language of Mali, p. 27
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6 Consonnes Labiale Alvéolaire Pharyngé -isé Palatal Vélaire Pharyngé Laryngé -V +V -V +V -V +V -V +V -V +V -V +V Arrêts b t d ṭ ḍ c j k g q Fricatives f s z Ṣ Ẓ ʃ Ʒ x ɣ ħ ʕ h Glides w y Latéraux l ḷ Raccords r ṛ Nasales m n ṇ ŋ Preuves des contrastes consonantiques Voici quelques exemples des différents environnements contrastés pour les consonnes en tant qu'initiale de mot, initiale de syllabe, intervocalique et finale de syllabe lorsque cette position est possible. Les con …
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… e de la République du Niger. La caractéristique phonétique la plus significative de la variété Tamalet est la fusion des plosives palatales /c/ et /j/ avec les fricatives /ʃ/ et /ʒ/ respectivement. En outre, le préfixe féminin pluriel /t-ǝ-/ de Tadaksahak se prononce [ʃi-]. Il existe également un certain nombre de particularité lexicale. Les locuteurs de cette variante vivent à la frontière la plus orientale du territoire Idaksahak dans la vallée de l'Azawagh, autour de Tamal …